Which dimensions of forgiveness mediate and moderate childhood trauma and depression? Insights to prevent suicide risk among university students.

BACKGROUND: College students who are depressed as a direct or indirect effect of childhood trauma are at risk of suicide. Although forgiveness buffers mental health problems, there are inconsistencies in the results according to the object of forgiveness. This study aimed to examine the role of forgiveness, both as a mediator and as a moderator, for the association between childhood trauma and depression among university students. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: The sample comprised 398 students from a university in Semarang, Indonesia (M = 18.60, SD = 0.60, male = 26.1%) obtained through cluster random sampling. Measurements used were the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Forgiveness Scale which contained the dimensions of self, others, and situations. RESULTS: The path analysis and the investigation of CI result showed that forgiveness mediated the relationship between ACEs and depression. Forgiveness of self and situations were also mediating, but not forgiveness of others. On the other hand, the moderating effect only applied to the forgiveness of others, the effect of which increased positively when the level was high. CONCLUSIONS: The result of this study indicates how the addition of ACEs affects lower level of forgiveness, thus explaining the higher level of depression among college students. Only forgiveness of others among the dimensions of forgiveness is not determined by the number of ACEs, but its increase determines the addition of depression level when there are more ACEs. The discussions highlight the mechanism of each dimension, contribution of collectivistic culture, different types of ACEs and limited incidence of ACEs among the general college student population.

Terapia psicoeducativa para familias de pacientes con esquizofrenia paranoide / Psychoeducational therapy with families of paranoid schizophrenia patients

OBJETIVO: El objetivo del estudio fue medir la efectividad de la terapia psicoeducativa en la carga familiar de los pacientes con esquizofrenia paranoide. MÉTODOS: En este estudio se utilizó un diseño de investigación experimental con un grupo de control equivalente que utilizó 84 muestras de asignación aleatoria en un hospital psiquiátrico en Semarang. El instrumento del estudio fue la versión indonesia de la escala de carga del cuidador (CBS). Se utilizó la prueba Mann-Whitney para analizar los datos. RESULTADOS: Los hallazgos obtenidos muestran la efectividad de la terapia psicoeducativa sobre la carga familiar en el grupo experimental en comparación con la terapia estándar en el grupo control (antes: Z=−1,27; p = 0,092; después: Z=−3,47; p = 0,002). CONCLUSIÓN: Concluimos que la terapia psicoeducativa de la familia, como la aplicada en el grupo experimental, puede disminuir la carga familiar en las familias de pacientes con esquizofrenia paranoide. La aplicación de una terapia psicoeducativa familiar puede servir de guía a la enfermera psiquiátrica en la reducción de la carga familiar en el cuidado de pacientes con esquizofrenia paranoide

AIM: The study aimed to measure the effectiveness of psychoeducational therapy on the burden of families of paranoid schizophrenia patients. METHODS: An experimental research design was used in this study with an equivalent control group using 84 random allocation samples at a mental hospital in Semarang. The study instrument was the Indonesian version of the care burden scale (CBS). The Mann-Whitney test was used for the data analysis. RESULTS: The findings obtained show the effectiveness of psychoeducational therapy on family burden in the experimental group as opposed to standard therapy in the control group (before: Z=−1.27; P=.092, and after: Z=−3.47; P=.002). CONCLUSION: We conclude that family psychoeducational therapy, as given to the experiment group, can decrease the family burden for the family of a paranoid schizophrenia patient. The application of family psychoeducational therapy can serve as guidance for the psychiatric nurse in reducing the family burden in the care of patients with paranoid schizophrenia

Psychoeducational therapy with families of paranoid schizophrenia patients. / Terapia psicoeducativa para familias de pacientes con esquizofrenia paranoide.

AIM: The study aimed to measure the effectiveness of psychoeducational therapy on the burden of families of paranoid schizophrenia patients. METHODS: An experimental research design was used in this study with an equivalent control group using 84 random allocation samples at a mental hospital in Semarang. The study instrument was the Indonesian version of the care burden scale (CBS). The Mann-Whitney test was used for the data analysis. RESULTS: The findings obtained show the effectiveness of psychoeducational therapy on family burden in the experimental group as opposed to standard therapy in the control group (before: Z=-1.27; P=.092, and after: Z=-3.47; P=.002). CONCLUSION: We conclude that family psychoeducational therapy, as given to the experiment group, can decrease the family burden for the family of a paranoid schizophrenia patient. The application of family psychoeducational therapy can serve as guidance for the psychiatric nurse in reducing the family burden in the care of patients with paranoid schizophrenia.